Strategic Planning Paper -- essays research papers

     The history of strategic planning begins in the military. According to Websters New World Dictionary, strategy is "the science of planning and directing large-scale military operations, of maneuvering forces into the most advantageous position prior to actual engagement with the enemy" (Guralnic, 1986). Although our understanding of strategy and applying strategic planning in management has been transformed from a point of military maneuvering to one that aims to achieve and gives a structured framework to reach a competitive advantage.       winning its name and roots from the military model, early models of formal strategic planning "reflected the hierarchical values and linear systems of traditional organizations. Undertaken by planning functions at the binding of the organization, its structure was highly vertical and time-bound. A certain period would be set aside to analyze the situation and decide on a line of produ cts of action. This would result in a formal document. Once this was done, the actual work of implementation, which was considered a separate, discrete process - could begin" (Wall & Wall, 1995).     Although individual definitions of strategy start out between each author, traditionally, theorists have considered planning an essential part of organizational strategy. Strategic planning in organizations originated in the 1950s and was very popular and general between mid-1960s to mid-1970s, when people believed it was the answer for all problems, and corporate America was obsessed with strategic planning. Following that boom strategic planning had fallen off and was get aside for over a decade. The 1990s brought the revival of strategic planning as a process with particular benefits in particular contexts (Mintzberg, 1994).In present is a brief account of several generations of strategic planning. Analysis model dominated strategic planning of the 195 0s. The 1960s brought qualitative and quantitative models of strategy. During the early 1980s, the stockholder value model and the Porter model became the standard. The rest of the 1980s was dictated by strategic intent and core competencies, and market-foc apply organizations. Finally, business transformation became a requisite in the 1990s (Gouillart, 1995).Newer models of strategic planning were f... ...s, and action steps to address identified issues. However, having honord some of the benefits that strategic planning can produce, it is important to note that it is not a cure-all. Strategic planning is a time-consuming, labor-intensive process that is not for every organization. It is simply a tool that can be used to help a committed entity work toward becoming more effective. Strategic planning should never be considered an end in itself or a one-time deal. It is not simply a written document that details the activities and results of the planning process. It is also more t han the process of analyzing, strategizing, implementing, and benchmarking. No planning process, strategic or otherwise, can bring home the bacon without the commitment of key stakeholders and organizational leaders. Strategic planning, to be truly effective, means organizational staff or community residents must think and act strategically each day. Through such daily strategic thinking and acting, "planning" and "process" can be transformed into individual and collective strategic actions that sharpen organizational value and effectiveness. This is what makes the strategic planning process valuable.

Distorted Perceptions in Fitzgeralds Tender is the Night Essay

Distorted Perceptions in F. Scott Fitzgeralds Tender is the Night Any visitor to the French Riviera in the mid-1920s, the setting of F. Scott Fitzgeralds Tender is the Night, would describe Dr. Richard Diver as a charming, respected, intimately-mannered physician. Dick is a noble man who has dedicated his life to the health and protection of his beloved wife without thought to himself. Furthermore, he gives extraordinary parties and is a reliable source of help to any friend in need. In fact, to be included in Dick Divers world for a magic spell was a remarkable experience (Fitzgerald, Tender, 27). Under this faade of composure, however, lies a tormented personality. The stresses in Dicks life are numerous, as he deals with Nicoles breakdowns and other aspects of his career and brotherly relationships. He has no one to help him through these difficulties but he still manages to rescue his friends in countless instances. He does his best to play his procedure as husband, father , friend, and physician, but he is clearly not comfortable with his responsibilities, and his confusion manifests itself through his obsession with youthfulness. Not only does Dr. Diver try to appear boyish and vital to the outside world, he also has an unhealthy obsession with much younger women in his life. This paternal attitude toward females mingled with sensual desire is a gull of Dicks hidden instability which slowly becomes more visible. Several events point to Dicks desire to appear younger and as his immature attitude about life. He has a strong need for social approval and tries to ensure his social standing by being a gracious and charming host to a innumerous of friends and acquaintances. He is very concerned with each guests opinion of him, and i... ...cceeding experiences. A major component of the disintegration of Dick Diver, therefore, is his confusion and immaturity regarding relationships with younger women, as well as his own need to seem youthful. His reputa tion and well-liked persona are achieved despite his childlike attitudes, but as he slowly loses his ability to check his true personality, he is deserted by everyone. Just as the incestuous actions of Nicoles father led to her illness and his private torment, Dick Divers distorted perceptions of appropriate relationships widen to his own fall into obscurity. Works Cited Fitzgerald, F. Scott. Tender is the Night. New York, NY. Simon & Schuster, Inc., 1982. Stanton, Robert. Daddys Girl Symbol and Theme in Tender is the Night. Critical Essays on Tender is the Night. Ed. Milton R. Stern. Boston, Ma. G.K. Hall & Co., 1986. 118-124.

What it Was and What it Is :: Anglo Saxon Women Essays

What it Was and What it IsAnglo-Saxon women did non afford many roles, but the few that they had were main(prenominal) and had an influence on their families. In the Anglo-Saxon culture women were seen and considered as less important than men because men are the stronger ones, the leaders, the fighters or warriors, the heroes During this time period women were not acknowledged by society. Their role was to stay home and take care of their related responsibilities, as well as their children. Women had no major role in the decision-making because the men, being either the father or the husband, were the ones to make the decisions for the women.However, women were taken into consideration and valued when their marriages were arranged to promote the physical or economic well-being of their family and tribe. In Anglo-Saxon culture women were at times engaged in marriage to a family that would bring forth fortune and wealth. At other times, a family would get married a daughter to an enemy family in order to secure peace or safety and wealth among the joined families. In such(prenominal) a role, women in Anglo-Saxon culture were referred to as the one who weaves peace, making them known as peace weavers. We can see an example of this in Beowulf, when Hildeburgh, a daughter of the antecedent Danish king, is married to Finn, who was king of the Jutes. Because the Danes and the Jutes are enemies, Hildeburgh has to witness the burial of her son and brother who are killed fighting on either side of the feud.Although women did not have much influence as men did, they had a lot of influence on the family-related issues. One example may be found in Beowulf, in the character Wealhtheow. Wealhtheow is the wife of Hrothgar. She is portrayed as aware of the politics of the court and cautious for the well-being of her family. In Beowulf, she foreshadows some events that later happen to her family. An example of such an instance would be when she foreshadows the fall of the Great Hall caused by her family. We know this when she says, Here is each earl true to other, mild of heart, loyal to his lord the thanes are at one, the people obedient, the retainers cheered with drink do as I bid (Donaldson, p 22 Beowulf). Anglo-Saxon women had the responsibility of seeing over their children.

Physics of Computer Graphics Essay -- physics computers graphic CG

In the field of computer graphics there are usually quad general applications that one thinks of1. Display of Information2. Design3. Simulation and Animation4. User interfaces(Angel, 2)With regards to applied physics applications, the area of computer graphics most focused on is simulation and animation. This is found in several different fields such as aerospace, manufacturing, wireless communication, resource recovery, film-making, computer games, and virtual reality. Moreover, physics- ground modeling is now in general accepted as a third principal mode of scientific investigation, along with theory and experiment. (Mason)The goal is to usually create 3-dimensional objects and have them move and interact on the screen using data based off of physics equations(i.e kinematic equations, energy and momentum, etc.) However often times programmers and animators dont necessarily want to deal with having to code in every equation every time they want to have an object interact w ith something new. This brought forth the development of physics engines. As processors have become more powerful, animators began to reach and represent there animations using more realistic methods. In todays latest animated blockbusters like Shrek 2, to some of todays hottest video games like Halo 2.In lodge to achieve these realistic effects computer animators often use high-powered physics engines to simulate real-life physics inside a computer-simulated world. An example of such a computer graphics engine is Impact, which includes six physics engines Force Field, Law of Gravity, Gravity (used to target a particular object), Springy Thingy, Thruster, and Torque Motion.(Mortier)These engines enable animators to ... ...it would ascertain to render would freeze even some of the fastest machines out there. So what happens is we fudge the data and have each object appear brighter or darker based off of a simpler equation that gives the appearance that lighting does exist.Bi bliographyAngel, Edward. Interactive Computer Graphics. 3rd Ed. Pearson Education. 2003.Jewett, Serway. Physics for Scientists and Engineers. 6th Ed. Thomson Learning. 2004.Kerlow, Isaac. Applying the Twelve Priciples to Computer Animation. 22 February 2004. 23 November 2004. http//www.artof3d.com/feature.htmHead2Mason, John. Physics-Based poser of Gaseous Phenomena for Computer Graphics. 13 August 2004. 23 November 2004. http//www.cs.dal.ca/news/t20040813-1236.shtmlMortier, R. Shamms. Emulate Physics with Impact. Computer Graphics World. August 1995.Vol. 18. Issue 8. Pg. 90.

Advertising Manipulates People Essay -- Advertisements, Adverts

In our society, we are constantly surrounded by advertising. From the time our alarm clock wakes us up in the morning until we set it at night, our brains are bombarded with advertisements. Ads play a huge role in our lives, telling us what to buy, what car to drive, how our families should interact, and what we should look like. The melody of Advertising is built on persuasion. Advertisements attempt to persuade us that we are not rich enough, pretty enough, thin enough, family oriented enough, and the list goes on. To put it much clearly, the advertising empire is built on the exploitation of the fears of the American large number. They take the knowledge of our fears and attempt to convince us that if we buy their product, we will achieve entirely the things we need to attain perfection. The possessing of material goods and wealth as a determinate of our status and self-worth is a huge emphasis of advertising. It works by convincing plurality that the amount of money they hav e, and the quality of the goods that they own will gain them social acceptance. Advertising is then exploiting a persons fear of rejection. We are constantly being bombarded with images of notable people in designer clothing, driving expensive cars, and living in enormous mansions. We are taught that this is a portrait of success, and to be happy you must be successful. Therefore, the possession of these items will endow the possessor with happiness. The rich and famous are viewed as the most socially acceptable persons in our world. Advertising uses the images of these famous people to convince the rest of us average Americans that we need to buy all of the things that the celebrities have in order to be accepted and consequently happy. This is why fame endors... ...er and get a abundant wear if once a week you sit down at the table and play one of their games together. I mean, what else unites a family better than a good game of chutes and ladders? People are so afraid of havi ng a dysfunctional or imperfect family that they will go as cold as spending money on things they do not need in order to achieve this ideal. Once again, advertising has accomplished its goal.Advertising is a complex industry, focused on the selling of products by convincing people that they need them. It is a business that manipulates people in order to accomplish its goals, which it does kinda effectively. Our society is one with many fears, and because of this advertising will continue to find new and different ways of exploiting them in order to market their goods. And as long as the American people continue to buy into it, they will be successful

Advertising Manipulates People Essay -- Advertisements, Adverts

In our society, we are constantly surrounded by advertising. From the quantify our alarm clock wakes us up in the morning until we set it at night, our brains are bombarded with advertisements. Ads rook a huge role in our lives, obese us what to buy, what car to drive, how our families should interact, and what we should look like. The business of Advertising is built on persuasion. Advertisements attempt to persuade us that we are not rich enough, pretty enough, decoct enough, family oriented enough, and the list goes on. To put it more clearly, the advertising empire is built on the exploitation of the businesss of the American mickle. They take the knowledge of our fears and attempt to convince us that if we buy their product, we will achieve all the things we need to attain perfection. The possessing of material goods and wealth as a determinate of our status and self-worth is a huge vehemence of advertising. It works by convincing people that the amount of money they have , and the quality of the goods that they own will gain them social acceptance. Advertising is then exploiting a persons fear of rejection. We are constantly being bombarded with images of famous people in designer clothing, driving expensive cars, and living in enormous mansions. We are taught that this is a delineation of success, and to be happy you must be successful. Therefore, the possession of these items will endow the possessor with happiness. The rich and famous are viewed as the most socially pleasant persons in our world. Advertising uses the images of these famous people to convince the rest of us average Americans that we need to buy all of the things that the celebrities have in order to be accepted and consequently happy. This is why celebrity endors... ...er and get along better if once a week you sit down at the table and play one of their games together. I mean, what else unites a family better than a good game of chutes and ladders? People are so afraid of havi ng a dysfunctional or progressive tense family that they will go as far as spending money on things they do not need in order to achieve this ideal. one time again, advertising has accomplished its goal.Advertising is a complex industry, focused on the selling of products by convincing people that they need them. It is a business that manipulates people in order to accomplish its goals, which it does quite effectively. Our society is one with many fears, and because of this advertising will continue to find new and different ways of exploiting them in order to market their goods. And as long as the American people continue to buy into it, they will be successful

Cultural Awareness in Counselling Practices Essay

I defecate chosen to focus this assignment on the cardinal and Viet adducese cultures. I accept to be working in an atomic number 18a which testament possess these two cultures as the dominant groups. The reason I consider focussed on Vietnamese refugees instead of the culture of Vietnam as a whole is that the facility I hope to work in has refugees as its main client group. I will give an overview of my research into how best to work in a counsel relationship with wad from indigenous and Vietnamese cultures, ensuring that I am as culturally sensitive and aw be as possible. prime culture and counsellingMost research indicates that cultural barriers are the major reason why funda affable people are discouraged or dissuaded from using the mental health service. As practitioners, counsellors have often failed to identify, acknowledge and recognise the central role of Indigenous culture. Historically, there has been a long period of mis aver among the Aboriginal people and w hiteness Australians. Federal governments for much of the twentieth century developed paternalistic policies and practices that regarded the removal of children from Aboriginal families as essential for their welfare.Continuing statutory responsibilities for the protection of children have made many Aboriginal women fear approaching the De objet dartment of Family and Community Services for assist, specially in domestic violence and child abuse issues. It is a fact that Aboriginal people have and continue to experience being discriminated against by white Australians. A large socio-economic gap exists between white Australians and Aboriginal people.Despite there having been recorded experiences of both Aboriginal counsellors and non-Aboriginal counsellors attempting to keep Aboriginal clients engaged in the mental health service, it is evident that some Aboriginal clients whitethorn only turn up for one or two sessions but drop taboo of the system. The possible factors behind thei r lack of motivation to keep engaging in counselling service may lie in the involves of assistance they are looking for.The problems of engaging Aboriginal clients in mental health services exist mainly because mainstream services have not provided relevant responses to their crisis situation. Aboriginal clients would graduation exercise seek serviceable assistance such as refugee accommodation and food, and they would also seek assistance from their families, extended families or their own communities. Aboriginal people have retained strong kinship ties and extended family commitments. As in traditional times, Aboriginal people feel a majuscule obligation to their kinship ties. The extended family will always be firstborn in helping if there is a crisis or even a slight problem. Only when they ignorenot get sufficient or suitable help from their extended family or their own community, will they turn to outside help or support.There are particular issues to be aware of when working in a counselling role with Aboriginal clients. For example, it is not suitable to refer to a dead person by name and Aboriginal people view hallucination or delusion as spiritual experience not necessarily as symptoms of mental illness. Eye impact is considered offensive to Aboriginal people. Making eye contact (particularly with some one of the opposite sex) is shaming. Gender rules within Aboriginal cultures are important and must be respected whenever possible regarding intervention. Ideally, women staff should work with women and male staff should work with men.Women may feel embarrassed talking to male staff and men may feel shame if helped by female staff. In building a trust with Aboriginal people, most Aboriginal people would prefer to work with an Aboriginal worker regarding their problems. However situations may arise where clients may know or be related to an Aboriginal worker. They may feel shame or be restricted through kinship rules in discussing ain problem s with them. Fear that the worker will breach confidentiality with the local community may be an another(prenominal) concern. Where possible, clients should be given the choice of both Aboriginal and non- Aboriginal workers.Aboriginal clients will usually take the initiative in seeking assistance when a crisis emerges, such as domestic violence or services being disconnected, or having no money to buy food and other essentials for their children. Aboriginal people would first consider practical forms of assistance, such crisis care, financial assistance, medical services, accommodation, food when a domestic problem arises. This sort of assistance is what they really necessity and want, not tho talk therapy. Before they can sort out their basic living problems, they may not have the capacity or attention to deal with other psychological issues.Once Aboriginal clients have settled down and can take a calmer approach to their predicament, it still does not guarantee they will roost with the mental health service. It is not uncommon that once they have solved a problem, they will feel it not necessary to remain a part of the service but may come back a few months later for help when another issue arises. If mental health service workers, for example, have patiently developed a good relationship or rapport with them, counsellors can take advantage of this by reminding their clients of the good they can do when relationships or domestic situations are at risk. The ability of counsellors to invite clients to talk active their problems may make it possible to explore other problems. Aboriginal clients particular issues or crises may be linked to other problems, such as child abuse, alcoholism, mental health, unemployment and parenting problems.It is crucial for counsellors to build a trusting relationship with the Aboriginal community. A relationship that is simply based on talk therapy will not work for Aboriginal clients. Counsellors need to know where to get pr actical assistance for Aboriginal clients. Otherwise, Aboriginal clients may only turn to those services that they feel can really assist them. A counselling service that provides support and practical assistance can become a meaningful referral point within the Aboriginal community.Vietnamese refugees and counsellingMy research found that there are three recommended points of accounting entry for developing trust and rapport with Vietnamese refugees. These are Self- devoteation of the Counsellor Approaching the problem and Working through an Issue. Self Presentation of the Counsellor The vogue and presentation of the counsellor could be depict as being a booster dose to the traumatised client. Being a friend does not at all mean shedding the professional counselling role with boundaries and ethics, but rather means that counsellors dealing with these clients should be caring, sharing and acting as a true friend would normally be. Communicating caring to Vietnamese clients is b eing friendly, warm, interested in family, attentive to concerns raised, being an empathic listener, trying to understand and respond to non-verbal communications, and being sic to assist with practical matters.Presenting as a friend also means that counsellors may initially have to share, or disclose, a little more about themselves than usual. This is often necessary to put Vietnamese clients at ease and win their trust. Another dimension of being a friendly counsellor is being a friend in need. Many counsellors of Indochinese refugee clients have found it vital to assume multiple helping roles and to be actively involved in providing them with practical assistance or concrete services that provide immediate results, before engaging them in dealing with past trauma or in qualification important self-disclosures. Approaching a problem The success of establishing trust and rapport with Vietnamese clients is not only dependent upon the way that counsellors present themselves as desc ribed above, but also upon the way they approach a problem. Within Vietnamese culture there are distinct ways of dealing with problems.Prominent features of the Vietnamese style include indirect expression of feelings, reluctance to confront conflictual situations, preference for allowing time to work out seemingly insoluble problems, and reliance on personal inner strength in facing difficulties. Given the quite different ways of dealing with problems in Vietnamese culture, we would like to suggest that non-Vietnamese counsellors have to happen upon slowly and gently and approach with the right timing. Following a respectful, slow pace suitable to the client is important, especially during the rapport building stage, to avoid jar or offending the client. The timing of approaching the problem is important for maintaining the relationship and for resolving the problem. If the counsellor takes the initiative to bring up an issue, it is important to do this gently, retentivity in mi nd the cultural norm of saving face and the risk of confrontation.Working through an Issue As issues begin to be worked through, there are three suggested ways of continuing to build rapport and trust with Vietnamese clients working with somatisation, working from here and now and working through the family. A great number of Vietnamese refugees express their experience of emotional distress under the guise of physical symptoms such as headache, fatigue, insomnia. As somatisation is a culturally pleasurable way of presenting mental problems, counsellors can work with these problems first, before moving onto deeper levels. Most Vietnamese refugees are concerned with day-to-day survival. Offering them practical assistance is seen as offering much needed help and assisting to set up a trusting relationship and also an external environment in which emotional issues can be more safely worked through. For Vietnamese, the family plays an important role, in a resettlement country as well a s in their country of origin.It appears to be present and influential in many issues, which the Vietnamese client discusses in the session. The family can support or sabotage the relationship between the therapist and the patient. Therefore, in post-trauma counselling with Vietnamese clients, dealing with the family dimension is crucial for the building of trust and understanding and for the success of the intervention. As in all counselling interventions, it is essential to build trust between Vietnamese-born clients and their counsellors. Points of entry rather than barriers have been referred to in the three aspects of counselling refugees. Credibility and giving are seen as being crucial in this process. instruction can be of great benefit to helping Vietnamese refugees on the road to recoin truth from trauma. Vietnamese refugees have a great need for company, because they have suffered multiple losses, including faith in the goodness of humanity. Through a counsellor establishi ng a trusting relationship with them, they could regain this faith, so as to enable them to peppy the life that they have made huge sacrifices for. Prior to undertaking this assignment I had felt that my cultural awareness of both the Aboriginal and Vietnamese communities was very high. I have travelled extensively in Vietnam and had the opportunity to teach English there. My research into trauma and Vietnamese refugee status in Australia has certainly changed a lot of my views. I could almost say that with my basic Vietnamese language and extensive travels I had been feeling almost complacency about dealing with Vietnamese clients. I have learned that there are many parallels between the Aboriginal and Vietnamese refugee cultures. Both are in trauma both need to have their immediate needs met before effective counselling can take place.My research into Maslows hierarchy of Needs has certainly given the real practice of counselling clients in trauma an effective framework to work within. As does Eriksons Stages of Development. Traumatised clients will have interrupted stages of development. These will need to be addressed after the initial and immediate needs are met. I had also felt that I had a particularly good understanding of the Aboriginal culture, having worked in Indigenous education.My research for this assignment highlighted that there are many gaps to my understanding. I had not taken into account that many Aboriginal people are actually in severe crisis when they do seek help. Similar to the Vietnamese people in trauma, they would first try to find support within their kin, kinship group or immediate family. When a breakdown of this occurs, outside help is sought but this is fraught with fear, shame and often misunderstanding. This has been a vital assignment for me to attempt and I will continue to seek current research and counselling developments in the areas of Aboriginal mental health and refugee trauma counselling.ReferencesArmstrong, T. ( 2002). Counselling Interventions and Indigenous mental health. Medicine Australia,http//www.medicineau.net.au/clinical/abhealth/abhealt1345.html. Blagg, H. (2000). Crisis Intervention in Aboriginal Family Violence, Summary report. Crime Research Centre, University of westerly Australia.Chambers, A. (1990). Responding to Domestic Violence Spouse Abuse. Guidelines to Practice. Department for Community Services, Western Australia, September 1990. Nguyen & Robin Bowles authors, published in the Journal of Australian Social Work, June 1998.

Hofstede’s Model Of Organisational Culture

ABSTRACT organizational nicety has become the camber in popular care with many experts suggesting it as an important determinant for organisational success. heed researchers hurt been quick to point out the dazeion that organisational shade may consume on the effectiveness of the organization and name called for an increase in the trouble paid to organizational grow. With more emphasis being placed on organizational glossiness, it becomes important to understand the appeal of this concept and examine its impact on circumspection within the organizationThis paper thus explores on the concept of organizational culture and examines its impact on behaviours and management of the organization. This will sham identifying wiz associated mode or theory and evaluating or determining the extent to which the chosen exemplar plays a part in defining the style of management. A case study of Sony Ericsson will excessively be employed to help illustrate the application of hofsted es model of organizational culture. The study will in any case identify limitations of this model and the strengths that have enabled it to be used as a basis for most research analyses.INTRODUCTIONOrganizational culture has become the buzzword in popular management with many experts suggesting it as an important determinant for organizational success (Schein 1999). While the association between organizational culture and organizational success is far from certain, it is obvious that each organization has its own unique social structure which drives much of the individual behavior within that organization.Management researchers have been quick to point out the impact that organizational culture may have on the effectiveness of the organization and have called for an increase in the attention paid to organizational culture (Siehl & Martin 1998). With more emphasis being placed on organizational culture, it is important to understand the appeal of this concept and examine its impac t on management within the organization.This study thus explores on the concept of organizational culture and examines its impact on management style. This will involve identifying maven associated mode or theory and evaluating or determining the extent to which the chosen model plays a part in defining the style of management. In this regard, Hofstedes ideas will form the basis of our analysis of organizational culture.WHAT IS.. finis?The term culture has been given varied set of definitions by various scholars. Kroeber & Kluckholn (1952), for example, defined culture as consisting of patterns of behaviour acquired and transmitted through symbols, and which constitute distinctive achievement of human groups including their embodiment in artifacts. Hofstede (1980), on the other hand, defined culture as the collective programme of the mind which differentiates members of one human group in the society from the rest.While Symington (1983) defined it as a complex whole which complic ate belief, knowledge, morals, art, customs, capabilities and habits acquired in the society. These definitions suggest culture to consist of a set of value systems that are shared equally by members in the society and which binds people together. With the supra conceptualization of culture, we can now define what we mean by organizational culture.ORGANIZAITONAL CULTUREOrganizational culture can simply be defined as a set of values, assumptions and beliefs that define the behaviours and style of management in an organization (OReilly et.al, 1991). There are three main sources of influence believed to interact to create organizational culture. These are the beliefs and values held by the leaders of the organization, the characteristics of the industry in which the organization is within, and the broader society in which the organization operates (OReilly et.al, 1991).The most important model used by management researchers and which has formed the basis of most analyses of organizat ional culture is Hofstedes model. While most noned for his groundbreaking browse on symmetrys of national culture, Hofstede overly identified six dimensions of organizational culture which can be used in defining the style of management in an organization.Process oriented vs goal orientedThe procedure oriented vs result oriented dimension is concerned with the effectiveness of the organization. A key feature of a process oriented culture is the means or rather the way in which work has to be conducted. While in a result oriented culture, emphasis is placed on the goals of the organization. That is, employees are to begin with out to achieve specific organizational goals even if the risks involved are substantial (Hofstede 2001).Parochial vs professionalThis dimension reflects the internal and external frame of the organization (Hofstede 2001). In a local culture the identity of the employees is with the immediate manager. Hence employees within this culture are internally focu sed and directed and at that place is alike a loaded social control. The converse is true in a professional culture where the identity of the employees is largely determined by the profession and content of the job.Open system vs unkindly systemThe open system vs closed system dimension reflects the communication climate of the organization (Hofstede 2001). For an open system, new employees are welcomed and there is the belief that everyone fits well in the organization. While for a closed system, it is difficult to join and it is believed that only a certain kind of individuals may fit in the organization.Employee oriented vs job orientedThis dimension relates to the management philosophy in the organization. In an employee oriented organizational culture, concern is mainly on employee satisfaction. The staff members feel that their own personal problems and welfare is taken into account by the organization. While for a job oriented organizational culture, work is characterize d by heavy pressure to perform the specific task at the expense of the employee (Hofstede 2001).Tighter control vs loose controlThis dimension relates to structuring, control and discipline in the organization. A tight control culture is characterized by seriousness and punctuality small-arm the features of a loose control culture are casual and improvisation (Hofstede 2001). Examples of organizations that are often plunge within tighter controls are banks and pharmaceutical companies while those found in loose control are research laboratories and advertising agencies (Hofstede 2001).Normative vs pragmaticalThis dimension reflects on the methods employed by organizations when dealing with the environment in general and customers in particular. It describes the level of customer oreintation. Pragmatic cultures are flexible and more market driven while normative cultures are rigid and often emphasize on following applicable laws and rules (Hofstede 2001). Hofstede labeled organiza tions involved in the sale of services as pragmatic while those engaged in application of laws and rules as normative.CRITICISMS OF HOFSTEDES impersonateHofstedes ground breaking work on culture has indeed provided valuable insights into the management styles and dynamics of traverse cultural relationships. However, his highly prestigious findings have not been without blames. A number of academics have discredited his work in part or whole.Critics have argued that survey was not an important operator that could be used in accurately determining and measuring the culture of organizations (Jones 2007). A survey of a set of limited questions certainly cannot adequately and comprehensively provide an in-depth understanding of culture of an organization. In response to this criticism, Hofstede argued that survey was one method and certainly not the only method that was used.Hofstedes model has also been criticized on the basis that the five or six dimensions did not provide suffici ent information about cultural differences (Jones 2007). In this regard, Hofstede agreed that his analysis was withal narrow to credibly argue for the universal validity and sufficiency of the six dimensions of organizational culture that he identified. And in fact, suggested for additional dimensions to his original work. He also noted that some of the six dimensions that he identified may be less useful when analyzing other types of organizations in other countries (Jones 2007).A third criticism is that Hofstedes work is seen as outdated, especially with the rapid changes in the global environment (Jones 2007). This critique has further been put forward by Holden (2002) who points out that the information used by Hofstede in his dimensions of organizational culture seem to have been gathered over 30 years ago and is therefore no longish applicable to the modern day knowledge domain. In response to this criticism, Hofstede (1998) pointed out that a number of recent replications had confirmed his findings.Hofstedes model is also criticized on cause of his one company approach. Hofstedes analysis supposed that a wholeness IBM organizational culture could be used to make inferences about the entire world large organizational cultures (Jones 2007). A study fixated on one company certainly cannot be used to make inferences about the entire world wide organizational cultures. The validity of his dimensions of organizational culture has thus been questioned and his model considered to be non-comprehensive as the study was based on data collected from a single company using questionnaires that lacked academic foundation.Critics have also argued that Hofstede failed to recognize the diversity in his analysis of IBM culture (Jones 2007). He ignored extensive literature which suggested that there were triple, dissenting and emergent cultures in an organization. If we are to ignore the assumption of a single culture in IBM and acknowledge the diversity in culture at IBM, then his analysis is likely to collapse.After years of publication of his analysis on organizational culture based on the IBM survey data, Hofstede begun to acknowledge the heading of cultural diversity within and between units in the same organization. However, despite recognizing flaws in his work, Hofstede fails to admit error or weakness in his analysis. Accepting that organizations had multiple cultures as opposed to his assumption of a single culture would seem to undermine a crucial part of his analysis.ARGUMENTS IN FAVOUR OF HOFSTEDES MODELDespite these criticisms, Hofstedes work is widely acknowledged and used by many scholars and practictioners due to its mainly appealing attributes. Sondergaard (1994) noted that hofstedes analysis on integrated culture received 1,036 citations in likeness with another highly regarded study by Miles & Snow (1978) which only received 200 citations. Moreover, a number of researchers have replicated Hofstedes study including Tromp enaars & Hampden-Turner (1997). Some of the strengths that have enabled it to be used as the basis of most research analyses includeRelevance Hofstedes discoveries came at a time when there was very little known about culture and businesses were just globalizing and were in need of advice (Jones 2007). Hofstedes framework exceeded this demand and became widely judge by many scholars and practitioners. His work offered guidance to managers who were expanding their businesses as cultures were clashing and creating difficulties (Jones 2007). Rigour Hofstede model is based on a rigorous research design with dogmatic data and is built on a coherent theory (Jones 2007). Simplicity Knudsen & Loloma (2007) argues that hofstedes model has remained influential and successful due to its simplicity of appliance. His analysis of culture offered a simple way of understanding organizational culture. The six dimensions that define organizational culture put forth by Hofstede made it easier for managers and researchers to understand corporal culture without the need of expert knowledge. Relative accuracy strength of Hofstedes model is also reflected in its level of accuracy. Majority of the replications conducted by other researchers have confirmed Hofstedes findings. Four replications have concurred fully with Hofstedes findings while fifteen showed partial confirmation (Jones 2007). Moreover, Hofstedes framework has become very influential in management studies and is most widely cited in social sciences. His work remains instrumental in the implementation of various business systems in organizations including entrepreneurial behaviour, workgroup performance and dynamics, leadership styles, participative management and management control systems among many others (Jones 2007). A CASE STUDY OF SONY ERICSSONIn order to explore on the extent to which hofstede model plays a part in defining management style, we will conduct a case study of Sony Ericsson, a joint venture b etween Sony and Ericsson. Sony Ericsson has its headquarters and all of its management based in the UK. The firm aims at becoming the most innovative and attractive mobile brand globally (Cooper & Ross 2007).ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE IN SONY ERICSSONOrganizational culture has long been acknowledged as an important factor for driving behaviour, decision making and shaping management style at Sony Ericsson. With regard to the rules and procedures, Sony Ericson follows a certain procedure laid down by the firm (Cooper & Ross 2007). While it is not a requirement for employees to follow set get along code and office timings, it is mandatory for employees at Sony Ericsson to abide by the business ethics and code of conduct (Cooper & Ross 2007). Since the firm does not follow a strict dress code and office timings, it can be concluded that the organization employs a loose control culture.With regard to employee evaluation and performance, the staffs at Sony Ericsson are not differentiated o n their individual performance and are allowed to participate in decision making except at the higher level which requires the executive management team only (Cooper & Ross 2007). Sony Ericssons corporate culture is also more employee oriented with managers more concerned on the welfare and employee satisfaction.Sony Ericsons organizational culture is also very professional as employees are subjected to scrutiny checks prior to their appointment to ensure that individuals hired are competent and have a certain level of experience deemed necessary for the position (Tayeb 2001). With regard to normative and pragmatic approach, the firm is seen in between, as its organizational culture is both normative and pragmatic oriented. While Sony Ericsson focuses on meeting customer and market needs, the firm also adheres to certain rules and guidelines in meeting these needs (Tayeb 2001). Clearly, Hofstedes model plays a fundamental part in defining the management style and organizational beh aviour at Sony Ericsson.CONCLUSIONThere is no doubt that Hofstedes model is one of the most widely acknowledged and used piece of research. His ground breaking work on culture has indeed provided valuable insights into the management styles and dynamics of cross cultural relationships as evident in Sony Ericsson. A number of academics have however discredited his work in part or whole.Although Hofstedes work on culture has been heavily criticized on grounds of his one company approach, survey methodological approach, and for fewer dimensions and his assumption of a single organizational culture majority of his findings have had remarkable effect on practitioners and researchers and continue to guide multi-national practitioners into the global future. While there is a high level of controversy in his analysis of culture, there is no doubt that his study is one of the most influential in the analysis of organizational culture.REFERENCEHofstede, G., 2001. Cultures consequences. second edition. Thousand Oaks, CA Sage publicationsHofstede, G., 1998. Attitudes, Values and Organizational Culture Disentangling the concepts. Organization Studies 19(3) 477.Hofstede, G., 1980. Cultures Consequences International differences in work-related values. Beverly Hills, CA Sage Publications.Hofstede, G., Neuijen, B., Ohayv, D. D., and G. Sanders, 1990. Measuring OrganizationalCultures A Qualitative and Quantitative Study across Twenty Cases. Administrative ScienceQuarterly, 35(2), 286-316.Holden, N., 2002. Cross-Cultural Management A Knowledge Management Perspective. Harlow Prentice Hall.Jones, M.L., 2007. Hofstede culturally questionableOxford, UK.Kroeber, A. L. and C. Kluckhohn, 1952. Culture A critical review of concepts and definitions. Cambridge, MA Harvard University pressKnudsen & Loloma, 2007. The consequences of cultures consequences. A critical approach to culture as collective programming applied to cross-cultural crews. Journal of Maritime Affairs. Vol . 8 (2), pp .105 -121Miles, R and C. Snow, 1978. Organizational Strategy, Structure, and Process. New York, NYMcGraw-Hill.OReilly, C., Chatman, J., and D. Caldwell, 1991. People and organizational culture A profile comparison approach to assessing person-organization fit. Academy of Management Journal, 34487-516.Rose, R., 2008. Organizational culture as a root of performance improvement research and recommendations. Contemporary management research. Vol.4, p. 43-46Schein, E., 1999. The corporate culture survival guide. San Francisco Jossey Bass.Schwartz, S.H., 1994. Beyond individualism/collectivism. In Kim, U., Triandis, H.C. et al. (eds) Individualism and Collectivism Theory, Method, and Applications Vol. 18, Thousand Oaks, CA, SageSiehl, C. & J. Martin, 1998. Measuring Organizational Culture variety Qualitative and Quantitative Methods. In Jones, M.O, et al. (eds), Inside Organizations Understanding the Human Dimension, Newbury Park, CA, Sage Publications, pp.79-103.Sinha, 2000. Patterns of work culture. Sage publicationsSondergaard, M., 1994. Hofstedes consequences A study of reviews, citations and replications. Organization Studies 15(3) 447.Symington, J. W., 1983. Learn Latin Americas Culture. New York Times.Tayeb, M. H., 2001. International Business Partnership. New York Palgrave.Trompenaars, F. and C. Hampden-Turner, 1997. Riding the waves of culture understanding cultural diversity in business. London, Nicholas Brearley.

How Montessori Environmet Differs Than Traditional Setup

Montessori environment differs from handed-down education in m any ways. Only a few of them are discussed below In a Montessori environment the support is given to the natural development of the human being. The emphasis is on cognitive (the emergence of the ability to think and understand) and social development. Whereas in a traditionalistic schoolroom, prescribed or arranged blocks of knowledge are transmitted into the kidskin. The areas to focus on are rote (memorization technique based on repetition) knowledge.It is as if the reading is poured into the brain of a child without much understanding of the process. In Montessori particularizeup the child is not just there in the schoolroom to listen and incur whatever the teacher is lecturing him about (without even understanding a word). But he is there to think and ponder upon the work that is presented to him. Why and how the child arrives at what he knows is just as chief(prenominal) as what he knows. In a Montessori c lassroom, the independent action at law is 80 % of the work, and the teacher directed activity accounts for the remaining 20 %.The reverse is true for the traditional setup. When the child is in a Montessori class, he has shown the activity once (if needed it can be presented again) and whence it is up to him to choose from variety of activities that he was shown earlier. The child is allowed to choose his work, take it to his work space and repeat it as much as he wants. This solid process calls for independence. In a traditional classroom, the teacher is the one(a) who decides what the child has to learn, also the pace of the teaching process as sanitary as how the knowledge will take place.The teacher is in control of the whole scenario so most of the activity takes place through her. Self corrected materials are utilize in a Montessori environment. A child relies on impersonal judgement that comes from his senses. Each material is prepared with control of error. Whereas an external force, means a teacher, is the one who corrects in a traditional way of learning. By using the self corrected materials the child acquires independence. If he makes a mistake, he can correct himself without any help from an adult. In a traditional classroom, the child always depends on the teacher to correct his mistakes nd to tell him if he has done his work aright or not. This way the child looks for appraisal and always asks for teachers approval. The child does not do his work for his own inner satisfaction but he is always looking for outward reward or punishment. The Montessori way of learning puts emphasis on (self) discipline and freedom (within bounds). On the other hand, the maneuver of view in a traditional setting is that children are inherently disorderly and that their willfulness and impulses must b inhibited by an external discipline.Montessori educators commit that children cannot develop a sense of inner discipline if all of the control comes from the outside. In a Montessori classroom, the child is free to choose his work (freedom of choice) but at the same time, he can only choose out of those activities that are already presented to him (freedom within bounds). He is free to do any work he wants or wishes to do but he has to follow an order in which the work was presented to him by the directress. In a Montessori environment the teachers percentage is that of a facilitator and guide while the role of the child is an active one.In a traditional classroom, the teacher plays a very dominant role in the classroom while the child is passive. The teacher, in a Montessori classroom, is mostly in the background. She just steps in when she feels that there is a need. She does not teach, in fact she directs and makes learning smooth and enjoyable, as compared to the traditional setup where the teacher mostly talks and the child just listens. Mix age group is one of the most important aspects of a Montessori environment. Same age gr oup is the norm of a traditional education. Mix age group in the Montessori classroom helps the teacher as well as the students.The elder children act as role models, direct the younger ones, and feel the sense of responsibility whereas the younger children look at the older ones with fascination. This crystalize of collaboration can be a helping hand for the teacher. The environment, in a Montessori classroom, is tailored according to the child. On the other hand, in a traditional classroom, the child has to adapt according to the environment. One of the main purposes of the Montessori education is to make the child independent and this can only be achieved if we cater to the needs of the child.Montessori classroom belongs to the child and thats why the whole setup is child sized. The child in the Montessori environment is the center of everything. Montessori environment emphasizes that learning should be done through all five senses. Whereas, in a traditional setup, learning take s place mostly through listening, reading and watching. In a Montessori classroom hands on activities are used so that the child can use his senses to absorb the information (this way the information that is absorbed is long lasting) as compared to the traditional set up where the child sits passively, and listens to the teacher.

Two Kinds Paper Amy Tan

Josh A. Robertson Prof. Villarreal 1302 4/8/13 Paper 3 Two Kinds Amy Tan In Amy Tans com accord story Two Kinds Jing-Mei, the storys main character, takes a stand against her mother. The story opens as she describes her babehood, which was full of pain and resentment caused by never beseeming the prodigy that her mother desperately demanded her to be. Despite her best intentions, Jing-Mei alship canal fell short of her mothers expectations and one night, she do a pact to herself that she would never allow her mother to try to change her.After her mother saw a young Chinese girl play the piano ona television show she decided that Jing-Mei should take lessons from the neighbor. The neighbor, Mr. Chong, Jing-Mei discovered was deaf, and that she easily could get away with playing the wrong nones. Months later, Mr. Chong and her mother entered Jing-Mei in a talent contest. She believed that her versed prodigy would surface and allow her to play well, but the performance proved to be an utter disaster. Two days later, while being urged to go to normal an argument of devastating proportions began.Her mother never spoke of piano lessons ever again. Decades later, she received the familys piano as a present for her thirtieth birthday. Months afterwards her mothers death, she plays it and realizes the truth ab tabu her mothers intentions. The central idea in Tans story is, parents cannot control or regularize their childrens lives but only try to guide them in the right direction. Tans main character Jing-Mei was self centered, bratty and very brusk of the effects of her behavior had on the people in her life.She is buried so deep in her ways that it is not until she is an adult that she recognizes how messed up she is. Her mothers character was forceful and pushy it was only natural that Jing-Mei rebelled against her. If she had only been gentle with her the results may have been different. To say the least both characters were deeply flawed and made for a c atastrophic relationship. It was not only the disappointment my mother felt in me. In the years that followed, I failed her so many ages, each time asserting my own will, my right to fall short of expectations (Tan, 48).That regretful rant she went on about her shortcomings in life proves that she remained too bullet-headed to change her ways and not give her mother the satisfaction of being nifty at something. The point of view of Jing-Mei is crucial to the central idea of the story. The story is written in first of all person, told by Jing-Mei as she recounts the events of her child hood. The reader is able to understand from her perspective the relationship between her and her mother and the revelations she had after her mothers death.The first hand style only allows us to see Jing-Meis perspective where as her mother may have recalled her childhood differently. The writing style of all-knowing narration from the point of view of the child adds depth to the central idea of t he story. The reader experiences first hand it being brought to life through the eyes of the child as the plot progresses. The reader can relate from this view-point and recall their childhood as Jing-Mei narrates her own. The progress of the protagonist seemed to be cut short by her stubborn behavior to remain true to her ways well into her adult life.Jing-Mei doesnt grasp the meaning of her mothers intentions until her demise making for an every blot out has a silver lining ending, but serves the purpose in putting her in the static character category for the majority of Tans story. Had Jing-Mei take to the realization early on in the story, the outcome would have varied differently. Her mother, the antagonist, was only a mere muse for Jing-Mei to have someone to blame for her not trying. Her mother ultimately wanted the best for her daughter and to surpass her like every other parent would want for their child. You have natural talent.You could been genius if you want to. (Tan, 48) Jing-Meis mothers words were attempts to make peace with her daughter. Jing-Meis real enemy was herself who denied her to exceed at everything and finally she came to terms with it. The conflict was outer between the heated relationship between Jing-Mei and her mother, which is for the majority of the story. In closing, Two Kinds was a well-written story with meaning and purpose, a great plot and a great alternative ending that the reader doesnt see coming. The reader feels that the little girl will eventually repair what is broken in her relationship with her mother.Seeing that not happen until her mothers death is devastating to the reader even more so Jing-Mei is unable to apologize to all these facts after she realizes what she has done. This cold point could very well insight feelings of anger within the heart of the reader upon the storys ending. The central idea remains true through out the storys entirety only to be confronted, regretted and digested by Jing-Mei. Work s Cited Tan, Amy. Two Kinds. Literature Craft & Voice. Vol 1 1st. Cheuse Alan. Ed 40-47. McGraw Hill. New York 2010. Print.

Federalists Essay

Linda Kerber described the predicaments of the Federalists, a political party whose members feared that popular democracy might swirl out of control. Although they both fostered economic development, the Federalists were aware that an urban grassroots would result. The believers of the Federalist Party believed that Jeffersons approach to politics was naive. The early stages of industrialization and urban growth were providing the ingredients of a working syllabus already existing was an unpredictable class of permanently poor who might well be available for mob action.The God or the religious beliefs of the Federalists often appeared to be soak up like a fourth branch of Government. They believed that religious obligation would reinforce moral obligation and would make popular governing orderly and stable. On the other hand the Jeffersonian supporters felt they should break down the barrier of habitual morality (religion), with the interruption of education, habit and superstitio ns they were confident they would have a more positive vice. Drew R. McCoy spoke of The Fears of the Jeffersonian Republicans.Jefferson and his supporters predicted the challenges for the future of the United States. They were fearful of creating a dependent class he envisioned Brobdingnagian tracts of land being farmed by righteous residents of the young republic. In keeping their independence from the British they encouraged production within our families, but for the finer manufactures, they would stop to rely on importations from abroad. New forms of employment needed to be created in order to keep the moral and political advantages of America up.The largest fears were of an uprising of the working class people and independent revolutions. Ben Franklin recognized that corruption could result from both natural and artificial causes. Jefferson was always faced with the reality of his plan failing constantly reminded by the thought of the decline of the Roman Empire. I found this Chapter to be the hardest to read, I researched other sources to understand and get through the politics of this chapter. I found the profits website www. answers. com/topic/republicans-jeffersonian to be most helpful.The reading and rational was made for the freshman U.S. History student. I was able to acknowledge the fact that the Federalists Convention was the process of recess free from the British Empire. By the mid-eighteenth century a large proportion of adult white males in the colonies possessed the suffrage while also enjoying the privileges of a free press and some freedom of religious worship The colonies in other words, had grown apart from the mother country, their inhabitants had begun to think of themselves as Americans, and, not surprisingly, they proved unreceptive to attempts to bring them to strengthen.

Behavior Description Interview Essay

You have invested the date of several experienced employees and a good deal of expense to question a number of promising entry-level comptrollers. However, you wonder if your consultationing techniques ar really helping you hire the task candidates that will be superior performers and help your musical arrangement remain profitable. Your concerns may be justified if you are utilise a typical interviewing strategy in which there is no standard set of questions or a strategy in which interview questions do not explicitly focus on the yesteryear behavior of the applicator. Yet, there is an alternative. Studies in human- resource management suggest that behavior description interviewing may help you identify reveal performers from the rest of the appliers PRINCIPLES OF THE BEHAVIOR DESCRIPTION INTERVIEWThe first principle of the Behavior Description (BD) interview is interviewers standardize or structure the interview. The most heavy looking at of standardization is asking applicants the same or passing Similar questions. This includes all applicants to have a chance to provide information just about certain job-related concerns and allows interviewers to equation same types of information. The alternative of each interviewer asking their own questions will have your institution comparing apples and oranges when trying to make hiring decisions. Often this leads to lower quality hiring decisions. An organization may alike seek to standardize the location of the interview, the several(prenominal) who conducts the interview, etc. Any efforts to ensure similar treatment of applicants should be encouraged. An additional benefit of standardizing interview questions is that the interview is more defensible in court. In the past, organizations that had standardized questions won employment discrimination lawsuits more a lot than those without standardized questions. The second principle of BD interviewing is to explicitly focus on past behavior. BD e nthusiasts imagine that past behavior is the best predictor of future behavior.They also believe more recent behavior is a better predictor of future behavior than older behavior and that longstanding trends are better predictors of behavior than isolated incidents. The belief in the effectiveness of utilize past behavior to predict future behavior leads BD interviewers to ask certain questions. These questions use a superlative adjective (e.g. most, least, toughest, etc.) to focus the applicant on ane particular incident of behavior. For example, accounting firms need staff members who are willing to address both internal and client b other(a)s. To gather relevant information about an applicant, a BD interviewer might ask the applicant to tell me about the run low sentence a new idea of yours helped an organization or group flex better. The interviewer might also be ready with follow-up questions such as how did you develop this idea, how did you convince your supervisor or client to adopt it, and how did it help the organization? The follow-up questions may be answered as the applicant discusses a particular situation, but their presence alerts the interviewer that this information is important. In another instance, accounting professionals are oft called upon to make foundings to groups such as audit committees or boards of directors.Accordingly, an interviewer might ask a job candidate to tell me about the most difficult presentation you have ever had to make to a group of five or more people. Probes might accept what was the presentation about, how did you prepare for it, and was the presentation evaluated or ranked? In each case, the BD approach to interviewing should yield a large amount of high quality information to the interviewer and can help the somewhat anxious applicant have a particular incident to discuss. The BD approach to interviewing can be potently contrasted with more typical interviewing strategies. First, typical strategies s uggest interviewers let candidates take the interview where they want to, go with the flow, or let the interviewee talk about any subject they desire so that you can best assess their genius. While this advice is encountered frequently, it is highly inaccurate. Studies contrasting BD interviewing to this approach show that the BD interview does a much better job of predicting job performance. In addition, studies that statistically combine the expirys of 10,000+ interviews from many smaller studies strongly suggest that various styles of interviews that standardize questions or other aspects of the interview work much better than the nonstandardized interview styles. Second, BD interviewing seeks to avoid making judgments of applicants personalities.Assessing personality characteristics in a 345 minute interview would be highly difficult for a psychologist. As a result, many professionals rely on well established tests to measure personalitythey are cheaper to use and much more a ccurate. Additionally, many personality characteristics do not have a history of predicting job success. Currently, many human resource management professionals believe intelligence and dependability do differentiate higher performers from lower performers. Extroversion, considered by many to be a positive trait for auditing personnel, also differentiates higher versus lower performers in some situations. Other traits should be viewed with caution until they clearly are shown to relate to job performance. Care should also be interpreted in trying to match the personality type of an applicant to the personality of the office. While it is extremely difficult to measure either of the above, it is also potentially hazardous. The resolving power to this problem is to avoid using most personality traits and ask applicants about past behavior that may be similar to behavior undeniable on the job.Finally, the BD interviewer tries to avoid hypothetical and self evaluative questions. In mos t cases, there is little evidence to suggest that most hypothetical questions actually distinguish mingled with better and poorer performing individuals. This may be due to the difficulty of injecting enough reality in the situation to make it a good predictor of job success. Self-evaluative questions such as describe yourself or are you computing device literate also have no history of predicting job performance. In addition, they ask the applicant to do your job for you. You should decide how competent applicants are in a particular area since you are worried about their contribution to your organization. Applicants answers are influenced to a large degree by their desire to land a job. BD interviews differ from situational interviews.Recent literature has confused the two approaches. While the BD interview focuses on past applicant behavior, the situational interview asks applicants how they would behave in future situations (extensive research is used to create real situations ). The situational interview can also require different types of pass judgment scales to be used at the end of the interview. While there are several differences between BD interviewing, situational interviewing, and typical interviews, there are also similarities. BD interviewers also believe it is important to break the ice with applicants, that they should ask for an applicants preferred name, that they should take notes, and they should close the interview in a professional manner. These guidelines are important in any style of interview.STEPS TO CONSTRUCTING A BD INTERVIEWThree steps should be used to develop a BD interview. They are illustrated in the by-line hypothetical example involving the hiring of entry-level accountants in a CPA . Interviewers need to analyze the job and determine the key results areas. Key results areas are the major tasks or behaviors that an entry-level accountant must be able to accomplish. Key results areas may be defined by many different strate gies including a discussion among recruiters, managers, and partners. Key results areas might include 1. Communicate with other individuals-a. In verbal and written forms with other accountants including supervisors and peersb. In verbal and written forms with clients 2. Diagnoses organizational problems 3. Recommend solutions to organizational problems and 4. Use common computer software program (e.g., spreadsheet programs, data retrieval software, on-line services, or tax-preparation packages). The above behaviors or tasks should be examined to determine the knowledge, skills, and abilities (KSAs) that will enable them to be accomplished. Thus, an entry-level accountant should have 1. compose communication skills to interact through letters and reports to clients and other accountants 2. Verbal communication skills to communicate with clients and other accountants (not necessarily including making presentations to large groups) 3. Ability to diagnose problems in complex situati ons4. Ability to solve problems individually and in groups 5. Ability to attend to large amounts of detail 6. Ability to manage multiple tasks 7. Knowledge of common software programs The KSAs required lead to a selection plan that involves a series of BD questions. In this example it is assumed that there will be two interviews a recruiting interview at the school and an invitation to the firms office. To evaluate the candidates KSAs the following questions and probes might be used. 1 Written communication skillsa. fill for a sample of writing from a professional or educational setting before the second interview.2. Verbal communication skillsa. Watch for verbal communication skills throughout each interview and rate them at the end of the first and second interviews.3. Ability to diagnose problems in complex situationsa. range me about the last time you recognized a problem in an organization in which you were involved.* How did you recognize the problem?* How did you study the problem?* How did you determine a solution to the problem?b. Tell me about a time in the last year in which you were gathering information from a person who was being uncoopeative.* What was the situation?* wherefore were they being uncooperative?* How did you feel?* How did you get the information you needed?* What was the result in this situation?4. Ability to solve problems individually and in groups/teams a. What was the most triple-crown solution that you and a group of other individuals developed to a particular problem?* What was the problem?* What was your role?* What was the result of your solution?b. What is the toughest problem that you as an individual have solved in an educational or work setting?* What was the problem?* What was the result of your solution?5. Ability to attend to large amounts of detaila. Tell me about the last time when you had to gather large amounts of information to complete a project.*What was the project?*How did you organize the details?* What was the end result?* Did anyone assign you a grade for the project?b. Which class of yours required the most attention to detail. Please tell me how you dealt with the demands of the class.* How did it require attention to detail?* What was your strategy to deal with the detail?*What was the result?6. Ability to manager multiple tasksa. Tell me about how you managed your school work and extracircular activities during your busiest semester.* What made the semester so busy?* Did you have any priorities?* Where there any strategies that helped you grapple?* How did the semester turn out (in terms of grades, activities, etc.)? b. Tell me about the last time you had to juggle several different responsibililties when you held a job.* What were the responsibilities?* Did you have any priorities?* Where there any strategies that helped you cope?7. Knowledge of computer software programsa. Please tell us about the most involved computer project that you have been involved with in school o r in an organization.* What software was involved?* What was your role?* What was the result or grade?4. Please tell us about the last time you learned a new piece of software.* What did it help you accomplish?* How did you learn it?* Did you enjoy the experience?c. Please tell us about any time that you used a spreadsheet program such as Lotus 1-2-3, Quattro Pro, or Excel. * Was individually or a group?*What did you need to accomplish?* What was the result or grade?Once the questions are developed, recruiters should organize the questions and probes into some logical order on an interview form. The form may provide reminders to greet the applicant warm and any other reminders desired by the recruiters. It should definitely leave enough room for notes about the answer to each question. These notes can be extremely laboursaving when recruiters are trying to remember the remarks of each person recently interviewed. We recommend that recruiters practice with the new interviewing form . Recruiters may pair off and take turns playing the interviewer and the applicant, or they may wish to enlist a student to go through an interview.The trial interviews could be recorded on a video camera. The feedback from the video playback is often a precise valuable learning experience. Lastly, an interviewer evaluation report should be designed to record ratings for each candidate. The process is relatively simple once the knowledge, skills, and abilities (KSAs) required by the job have been listed. We suggest that recruiters list all the KSAs down one side of the paper as seen in Figure 1. (Figure omitted) This will allow a systematic consideration of each applicant against job requirements. Next, recruiters should choose a rating scale. We have chosen a five-point scale anchored by very little of the KSA on one end of the scale and a great amount on the other end of the scale Scales should have from five to heptad points and anchors meaningful to the recruiters.A place f or notes or comments and a set of simple instructions is also recommended. Finally, there should be a place for an overall evaluation of the candidate. There are several different methods which can be used to generate an overall evaluation score. A recruiter can make an overall evaluation of the candidate on the same scale used for each KSA. Unfortunately, past research has suggested that this method is not very reliable. Another option is presented in the mannequin on page 77. In this case the recruiters add their ratings to form a final evaluation. This approach is relatively simple and often yields final recommendations quite similar to more complex methods.Furthermore, individual KSAs can be weighted differently. In this case, each KSA evaluation score could be multiplied by its weight. totally scores would be summed to obtain an overall score For example, assume that the first four KSAs in the figure were assigned weights of .2 and the last three KSAs weights of .1. A candida te might be given a rating of 5 on the first two KSAs and ratings of 4 on the other KSAs. The candidates overall evaluation score would equal 4.8 (5 x .2 + 5 x 2+ 4 x .2 + 4 x 2 + 4 x .1+ 4 x .1+ 4 x .1). Either of the last two approaches is recommended. The authors would like to thank Paul Osting (Vice-Chairman, forgiving Resources, Ernst & Young, New York, NY), J. Breck Boynton (Director of Human Resources, Elliot, Davis, & Company, Greensville, SC) and Patricia G. Roth (Clemson University) for their comments and suggestions.

New Balance Athletic Shoes Case

Operations Management and Management Science Case Study Capacity Planning freshly equalizer athletic Shoes Summary crowd together Davis is the president and general manager of unexampled proportionality Athletic Shoes. The Boston, Massachusetts based bon ton began producing corrective tog and archway supports in 1906. late Balance garnered a reputation for quality specialty footwear when in the 1950s it began producing running shoes for men. It is the beginning of 1978 and Mr. Davis has a number of classical decisions to make regarding the future of his growing company. In unexampled-made years the quest for running shoes has experienced explosive growth.The increasing popularity of the sport of running requires James Davis to c arefully evaluate the accuracy of the companys sales forecast. Mr. Davis knows that precise forecasting is the key to providing good-quality service by meeting customer get hold of. Another effect of increasing demand on New Balance is the nece ssity for expansion. Mr. Davis must evaluate a number of options for expanding returnion capacity in order to meet growthd demand for his companys products. This report will attempt to offer James Davis sound advice in regards to the evaluation of sales forecasts and expansion options. We will also present Mr.Davis with an alternate sales forecast and an evaluation of New Balances sales representative network. Analysis Upon reviewing New Balances 1978-1981 domestic sales forecast, it is decided that James Davis may have reason to be apprehensive. Davis needs to be sure that the forecasted sales increases, which range from 117% to 286% of 1977s sales, are truly warranted. Although Davis knows that demand for running shoes is skyrocketing, he should also know that that does not plight sales. The maturing preferences of the shoe consumer have been evident in the ever changing ratings of Runners World magazines top ten shoes.Upon reviewing the lists of top ten shoes we realized that product victimisation is not only a key to New Balances success, but is also a key to success for a majority of its competitors. While only 2 of the top 10 running shoes of 1975 were introduced within a year of being rated, the following two years of ratings were filled with a majority of newly developed products. The 1976 ratings listed 7 of 10 running shoes which had been introduced within a year of being rated, and the 1977 ratings listed 6 of 10 running shoes which had been introduced within a year of being rated as well as 1 of the 10 that had been substantially redesigned.The achievement of new products in Runners World magazines rankings proves that product development is vent to be one of the biggest keys to New Balances future success. While New Balance has a reputation for producing quality footwear, we must urge Mr. Davis to insure that his company stiff on the leading edge of running shoe development. In the past, New Balance has been able to distinguish itself by of fering its shoes in varying widths. While making varying widths available has set the company apart from its competition in the past, we predict that it will eventually become an industry standard.Much of the recent success of New Balance was due to the rave reviews of the newly developed 320. New Balance product designers, work in unison with a maiden distance runner, found that a built up heel wedge and mid mend greatly improved the comfort of the shoe. The design team also reduced the sole thickness of the 320, which in turn reduced the shoe weight and thus the runners level of fatigue associated with their footwear. These are the innovations that New Balance must continue to jump out in if it wishes to meet its forecasted sales.Development of new shoe designs and the use of new materials will allow New Balance to produce the lighter and more flexible shoes the running public desires. Another product development related recommendation we would like to make to New Balance is in regards to its competition. New Balance ass no longer be content following industry leaders such as Adidas and Nike. Although the two large shoe manufacturers produce nearly 70% of the product available, small companies such as New Balance, Brooks, and Etonic have been able to make enormous headway into the market.Adidas and Nike, being larger more top atrocious corporations, will naturally have longer time periods between research and development and product release. We suggest that New Balance take advantage of its smaller size by releasing the types of new products previously detailed at a faster pace than their larger competitors. It is in this area that we feel New Balances demand forecast is flawed. The forecasts short term reliance on current products in the companys shoe line is an error that may cause New Balance sales. As evidenced by the average two year appearance in Runners World ratings, the life span of a running shoe is short.We do not believe that New Balance c an rely on the 320 to carry sales until their new trainer is available (1yr. ) to gain market share. New Balance needs to rapidly release newly developed, state of the art running shoes prior to twain industry leaders to put the company in a position to capture additional market share. In addition to believing that New Balances product mix has been forecasted incorrectly, we also contend that it has been slenderly everyplaceestimated. The following alternate demand forecast estimates overall market demand, as well as demand estimates for specific consumer categories.Please take note of the assumptions that were made in the creation of the forecast. Next, we look at New Balances sales representative network and its relationship to the companys production initiation location. The most important aspects to note concerning New Balances distribution, is the over representation in the northeast, and the beneath representation in the West. While New Balance has been able to maintain a strong market share in the northeast where a majority of its sales representatives are located, the companys market share is low in the west where the largest portion of the running shoe market is located.Due to this under representation, the western sales region represents a great deal of untapped potential for the company. Although having its production facility located in the northeast has protagonisted New Balance build up its market share in that particular region, the company should consider the advantage of having a more westward located facility to help strengthen its presence in the region. Finally, we are going to address New Balances various options for capacity expansion.In addition to running a second monger, alternate sites for new facilities have been located in Lawrence, Massachusetts, the state of Texas, and the country of Ireland. The following table details the pecuniary aspects associated with each expansion option. Beginning with the option of starting a sec ond shift, you can see that Mr. Davis belief that this option is not viable holds true. On the one hand, a second shift is not the best financial decision for New Balance because of both higher expenses (Labor Cost), and level projected earnings due to lower capacity (1500).On the other hand, a second shift is not the best option from a human relations perspective. Mr. Davis has made mention of various concerns regarding company employees such as finding good stitchers and supervisors, guardianship morale high, and preventing unionization. Mr. Davis has also located an available production facility in Ireland. This site does have the advantage of having a lower delve cost, a lower facility cost, lower equipment costs, and savings from both a tax holiday and available grants. While the Ireland location does have certain benefits, there are a number of critical drawbacks.The negative aspects of the Ireland facility are a slightly lower capacity potential, and very costly internati onal freight costs. Both of these factors greatly reduce Irelands estimated after tax earnings, and are the reasons we are recommending Ireland as the second worst choice for New Balance. The next site to be considered is the Lawrence facility. This location has qualities that should greet to New Balance. The Lawrence site is the largest of the companys options, has local government willing to offer relocation assistance, and is close to the Everett St. ocation and its network of material suppliers. In addition to these qualities it has been found that there are a number of local experienced shoe workers in need of work. Although these factors make Lawrence attractive to the company, they are offset by the sites shortcomings. Lawrence has a higher labor costs, moderate rental costs, a short lease term, and a high state tax liability which makes the site the second best choice for New Balance. Texas remains as the last site evaluated, and is the recommended site for New Balance.Alth ough there are some negative aspects in regards to Texas, such as higher materials and command processing overhead costs as well as higher rental costs, they are outweighed by the sites positive points. While moderate labor costs, the absence of state taxes on corporate income and the availability of skilled workers are all good reasons to recommend Texas, it is its westward location which is the key to Texas potential. As mentioned earlier, New Balances lack of presence in the west is costing the company potential market share in an area highly populated with runners.Having a centrally located production facility will no doubt improve its Texas and west coast market shares. Conclusion From the above analysis, we draw the following conclusions 1. New Balances sales forecast is overestimated and their forecasted product mix is in error. The company should use the alternate forecast provided. Additionally, New Balance should rely less on its current shoe models by working towards more rapid product development. 2. In order to develop an accurate demand forecast, particular attention should be paid to the expected growth of both serious and women runners. . There is an effect on regional market share based on the location of the production facility. If New Balance would like to increase market share in regions other than its own it should seriously consider a more westward production facility. 4. After taking both financial and non-financial aspects into consideration, the opening of a Texas facility is recommended. Another benefit of having an additional production facility located in Texas will be the companys ability to fulfill the previously mentioned lack of western regional market share.

Conceptual framework

Put together all the materials that deal with similar topics. This style, you butt end relate the studies with integrity an opposite. 3. From the card catalogue in a library, you will be able to identify a hold in that is closely think to your study. Go to the shelf and pick out the obtain you arrest identified. The materials in this defend will mystify supporting materials in other books on the same shelf. Look at other books located above, below, to the right, and to the left wing of the book you have picked out. They may contain relevant materials. 4. Refer to the list of references at the end of the book or diary you have found. Those references will give you the needed relevant materials. How do you deck out your RL? knavish concept(s) and variables can dish out as your heading and subheadings Chitin the write up, you can further organize based on chronology themes Writing skills undeniable n building up the RL C Paraphrasing C Summarizing Managing quotations CA Synthesizing C Citing or documenting sources What is a excerpt? restating an writers idea in your give nomenclature and style (Plat et al. , 2007) place a personation from an author into your let words (The sparers Handbook, online) restating in your own words the statement of others a Techniques in paraphrasing 1. think as if you were explaining the lord text to some sensation who doesnt share the same background with that of the author of the real material. 2. Write the paraphrase the way you loud give that explanation. 3.Simplify the material, but keep its victor ideas intact. model paraphrase . PDF drumhead or prcis a condensed version of a longer text that re gives the skipper ideas of the writers but scripted in the words of the wholeness writing the outline (Plat et al. , 2007) a condensation of the original usually unity fourth to one third of the length (Tellurium, 2003 in Gonzales et al, no date) How to produce a summary 1. find out the article t o be summarized and be for certain you run into it. 2. Outline the article. Note the study headways. 4. Always economic consumption paraphrase when rank a summary. If you do copy a phrase from the original be sure it is a genuinely important phrase that is necessary and cannot be paraphrased.In this case personate quotation mark around the phrase. The features of a 1. Start your summary with a clear identification of the fictional character of work, title, author, and main point in the present tense. Example In the feature article Four Kinds of Reading, the author, Donald Hall, explains his tactual sensation about divers(prenominal) types of reading. 2. Check with your summary and your 3. Never put any of your own ideas, opinions, or interpretations into the marry. This promoter you have to be very thoughtful of your word choice. 4. Write utilize summarizing language. Periodically remind your endorser that this is a summary by using phrases such as the article samp le summary. UDF Quotation a reproduction of the authors hire words, spelling and grammar monitor lizard Make sure you do not overuse quotations in your paper. Otherwise, your paper is obviously a means of other peoples work. (Plat et al. , 2007) Rules for placing quotations 1. Put quotation marks around the quotation. 2. divulge the quotation or place It in proper context. . Copy quotations exactly as they are written. Synthesizing to shuffle the ideas of more than one source with your own Synthesis Report information from the sources using different phrases and sentences. arise so that readers can immediately weigh where information from the sources overlap. Make sense of the sources and help the reader understand them in great depth.Conceptual manikinPut together all the materials that deal with similar topics. This way, you can relate the studies with one another. 3. From the card catalogue in a library, you will be able to identify a book that is closely related to your study. Go to the shelf and pick out the book you have identified. The materials in this book will have supporting materials in other books on the same shelf. Look at other books located above, below, to the right, and to the left of the book you have picked out. They may contain relevant materials. 4. Refer to the list of references at the end of the book or journal you have found. Those references will give you the needed relevant materials. How do you organize your RL?Cute concept(s) and variables can serve as your heading and subheadings Chitin the write up, you can further organize based on chronology themes Writing skills required n building up the RL C Paraphrasing C Summarizing Managing quotations CA Synthesizing C Citing or documenting sources What is a paraphrase? restating an authors idea in your own words and style (Plat et al. , 2007) putting a passage from an author into your own words (The Writers Handbook, online) restating in your own words the statement of others a Techniques in paraphrasing 1. Imagine as if you were explaining the original text to someone who doesnt share the same background with that of the author of the original material. 2. Write the paraphrase the way you loud give that explanation. 3.Simplify the material, but keep its original ideas intact. Sample paraphrase . PDF Summary or prcis a condensed version of a longer text that represents the original ideas of the writers but written in the words of the one writing the summary (Plat et al. , 2007) a condensation of the original usually one fourth to one third of the length (Tellurium, 2003 in Gonzales et al, no date) How to produce a summary 1. Read the article to be summarized and be sure you understand it. 2. Outline the article. Note the major points. 4. Always use paraphrase when rating a summary. If you do copy a phrase from the original be sure it is a very important phrase that is necessary and cannot be paraphrased.In this case put quotation marks around the phrase. The features of a 1. Start your summary with a clear identification of the type of work, title, author, and main point in the present tense. Example In the feature article Four Kinds of Reading, the author, Donald Hall, explains his opinion about different types of reading. 2. Check with your outline and your 3. Never put any of your own ideas, opinions, or interpretations into the marry. This means you have to be very careful of your word choice. 4. Write using summarizing language. Periodically remind your reader that this is a summary by using phrases such as the article sample summary. UDF Quotation a reproduction of the authors exact words, spelling and grammar Reminder Make sure you do not overuse quotations in your paper. Otherwise, your paper is simply a representation of other peoples work. (Plat et al. , 2007) Rules for placing quotations 1. Put quotation marks around the quotation. 2. Introduce the quotation or place It in proper context. . Copy quotations exactly as they are written. Synthesizing to combine the ideas of more than one source with your own Synthesis Report information from the sources using different phrases and sentences. Organize so that readers can immediately see where information from the sources overlap. Make sense of the sources and help the reader understand them in greater depth.Conceptual frameworkPut together all the materials that deal with similar topics. This way, you can relate the studies with one another. 3. From the card catalogue in a library, you will be able to identify a book that is closely related to your study. Go to the shelf and pick out the book you have identified. The materials in this book will have supporting materials in other books on the same shelf. Look at other books located above, below, to the right, and to the left of the book you have picked out. They may contain relevant materials. 4. Refer to the list of references at the end of the book or journal you have found. Those ref erences will give you the needed relevant materials. How do you organize your RL?Cute concept(s) and variables can serve as your heading and subheadings Chitin the write up, you can further organize based on chronology themes Writing skills required n building up the RL C Paraphrasing C Summarizing Managing quotations CA Synthesizing C Citing or documenting sources What is a paraphrase? restating an authors idea in your own words and style (Plat et al. , 2007) putting a passage from an author into your own words (The Writers Handbook, online) restating in your own words the statement of others a Techniques in paraphrasing 1. Imagine as if you were explaining the original text to someone who doesnt share the same background with that of the author of the original material. 2. Write the paraphrase the way you loud give that explanation. 3.Simplify the material, but keep its original ideas intact. Sample paraphrase . PDF Summary or prcis a condensed version of a longer text that represents the original ideas of the writers but written in the words of the one writing the summary (Plat et al. , 2007) a condensation of the original usually one fourth to one third of the length (Tellurium, 2003 in Gonzales et al, no date) How to produce a summary 1. Read the article to be summarized and be sure you understand it. 2. Outline the article. Note the major points. 4. Always use paraphrase when rating a summary. If you do copy a phrase from the original be sure it is a very important phrase that is necessary and cannot be paraphrased.In this case put quotation marks around the phrase. The features of a 1. Start your summary with a clear identification of the type of work, title, author, and main point in the present tense. Example In the feature article Four Kinds of Reading, the author, Donald Hall, explains his opinion about different types of reading. 2. Check with your outline and your 3. Never put any of your own ideas, opinions, or interpretations into the ma rry. This means you have to be very careful of your word choice. 4. Write using summarizing language. Periodically remind your reader that this is a summary by using phrases such as the article sample summary. UDF Quotation a reproduction of the authors exact words, spelling and grammar Reminder Make sure you do not overuse quotations in your paper. Otherwise, your paper is simply a representation of other peoples work. (Plat et al. , 2007) Rules for placing quotations 1. Put quotation marks around the quotation. 2. Introduce the quotation or place It in proper context. . Copy quotations exactly as they are written. Synthesizing to combine the ideas of more than one source with your own Synthesis Report information from the sources using different phrases and sentences. Organize so that readers can immediately see where information from the sources overlap. Make sense of the sources and help the reader understand them in greater depth.

Advertising has become a normal part of humanity Essay

Indeed, advertising has become a normal part of kindliness lives in this era of globalization. Advertise clear plastered everywhere as newspapers, posters, giant billboards, and radio. This situation seems to try out how strongly the influence of advertising in our lives. So the ads do bring positive influences and negative on human life in this world.Positive influence of advertising is advertising ca intents consumers have the option to purchase. world ads cause consumers to know how many similar products just now different brands startd at this age. Users will use every last(predicate) available information in the ad to make their vanquish choice. Advertise ensure that consumers purchase the best product based on their needs.See more Foot Binding In China assayIn addition, the ad could lead to a healthy competition between the take inr of a product. If we look, producing a product that will try to produce the best ads according to their ability to attract buyers. This re sulted in all(prenominal) parties are highlighting the advantages of their product over a competitors product. Clearly, the ad caused manufacturers ensure that their products concern quality as quoted in their ads.However, advertising to a fault has its negative face. Advertisements often exploit women specially sexy women to promote sales of their products. In fact, there is a product that has nothing to do with women but uses a sexy female face for the ad. Use model handsome and well-built man who was exploited by advertising. This situation seems to give a false meaning of such use of this product will produce such faces or use of these products cause these women will be attracted to someone. Imagine the influence on our early days?Furthermore, the existence of the ad will cause prices to rise. The cost to produce an advertisement is very high because of the use of models, technology and experienced production crew. In fact, the advertisements in the mass media had to pay the cost of broadcasting time that is too expensive. This resulted in manufacturers will raise the prices of their products to make sure they can produce.Advertisements will also produce a group of users who are scarce concerned with the brand.consumers this type of advertising is obsessed with certain brands and only buy or use the product without thinking of the brand the pros and cons to them. Ads have resulted in a status-conscious consumer shade themselves in the eyes of society. Consumers want them highly regarded and respected when using a brand.In fact, the ad also led to consumers of goods they do not need. Their purchases solely on the basis of an interesting seeing ads. Ad component has caused them to be interested and buy it even though it was not their need for a long period. This strength is geared towards waste and purchases can cause users owe or financial difficulties.In conclusion, the ad has a dual role. One to tell and one to destroy. Perhaps consumers should be wise to make a lucid assessment after seeing an advertisement. Users should not rush into buying after seeing the ad. Or maybe the ad should be banned.